Failure mechanisms refer to the various ways in which materials, components, or systems can fail when subjected to internal or external stresses. There are several established mechanisms that are recognized based on the conditions and causes leading to the failure. Here’s an overview of some primary mechanisms of failure:
Elastic (Brittle) Failure:
Ductile Failure:
Fatigue Failure:
Creep Failure:
Thermal Failure:
Corrosion and Oxidation:
Erosion or Wear Failure:
Hydrogen Embrittlement:
Buckling Failure:
Fracture from Stress Concentrations:
Environmental Failure:
Understanding these mechanisms is vital for engineers, designers, and maintenance personnel to select appropriate materials, design reliable structures, and perform timely inspections. Proper knowledge of failure mechanisms can prevent accidents, extend the lifespan of components, and reduce maintenance costs.
UV Degradation:
Radiation Damage:
Diffusion-related Failures:
Hydrolysis:
Oxidative Degradation:
Microbial-induced Corrosion (MIC):
In essence, understanding the various ways materials or systems can fail is not merely an academic exercise. It has real-world implications, impacting everything from daily life to advanced industrial applications. Proper comprehension and mitigation of these mechanisms are pillars of modern engineering and materials science.
Stress corrosion cracking is a type of corrosion that occurs when a metal is exposed to a corrosive environment and tensile stress at the same time. This can cause the metal to crack and eventually fail 1.
Creep is the deformation of a material over time when it is subjected to a constant load or stress. Stress rupture is the failure of a material due to prolonged exposure to a constant load or stress. Both creep and stress rupture can cause pressure vessels to fail 1.
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